Lesson 17: Tablets for Textbooks in Schools

                  

   Tablet for learning is still futuristic, but to day, books are still primary of medium of instruction in must schools. These will be replaced by digital technology reading tools, but there are now perceptions that virtual literary may very well ease out textual print literary, the disadvantages of using books for learning are being debated upon. the load of books and work books are backbreaking due to their weight and size. publishing and printing millions of books are just too expensive. The errors in public schools textbooks have also exposed, errors resulting from information, technical mistakes and editorial lapses.Technology is being viewed as a savior. Learning technology along with other audio-visual aids to teaching-and-learning.

      This lesson is trying to aid the inconvenience of having books as the primary medium of instruction wherein every day, students will bring a lot of heavy books. They are suggesting to have a digital-based medium of instruction specifically the use of computers or tablets for convenience. However, tablets-for-learning is still futuristic because of most common reason, finances.  Nevertheless, through both books and tablets help in students' learning, we cannot deny the fact that students nowadays would prefer those that are modern.

Lesson 16: The Internet and Education

     

 
         The Internet also called the net, us the largest and far-flung network system of all systems. Everything in the internet is coordinated through standardized protocol called Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol.  The vast sea of information now in the internet, including news and trivia, is an overwhelming challenge to those who wish to navigate it. 

Today schools are gearing up to take advantage of Internet access, where they can plug into the library of congress, make virtual visits to famous museums in the worlds, write to celebrities, and even send questions to heads of states. 

        Educational software materials have also developed both in sophistication and appeal. There is now a wider choice from rote arithmetic or grammar lessons to discovery and innovation projects. But the real possibility today's is connecting with the worlds outside homes, classroom, and internet classes. 

Lesson 15: Understanding Hypermedia

        Hypermedia is nothing but multimedia, but this time packed as an educational computer software where information is presented and students activities are integrated in a virtual learning environment. Most educational IT applications are Hypermedia and these include: 

                                                       Tutorial software 

                                                     Knowledge Webpages

                                                   Simulation instructional games

                                           Learning project management and others  

        These presentation of information-learning activities in hypermedia is said to be sequenced in a non-linear manner, meaning that the learner may follow his path of activities thus providing an environment of learner autonomy and thinking skills.

                  Characteristics of Hypermedia Applications

1) Learner Control. The learner makes his own decisions on the path,flow of events of instruction.

2)Learner wide ranges of navigation routes. The learner has a wide range of navigation routes such as by working on concepts, he is already familiar with. He may even if the previous activity is half-completed. He may explore other sections outing to return or complete the previous activity.

3) Variety of media. Hypermedia includes more than one media (text, graphics, audio, animations and video clips) but does not necessarily use all types of media in one presentation. Since only virtual learning activity takes places,  it is important from the standpoint of the teacher to optimize the learning process by identifying the characteristics of media application,  as well as the advantages and limitations of such as application.

Lesson 14: The Softwate as an Educational Resource

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         In this lesson we will tackle about the software system that could be used in teaching and learning process. The computer is useless if the software is not installed in it. This lesson not just how to use computer or even know what are the parts that comprises a computer. We will begin our lesson by knowing what are the two kinds of software.

                             2 Kinds of Software 

1. The System Software. This is the operating system that is found or bundled inside all computer machines.

2. The Application Software. This contains the system that commands the particular task or solves a particular problem. 

  
  In turns the applications software may be: 

(a) Custom software that is made for specific tasks often by large corporations.

(b) Commercial software packaged for personal computers that helps with a variety of tasks such as writing papers, calculating numbers, drawing graphs,  playing games,  and so much more.

        Microsoft windows is a series of operating system produced by the Microsoft, it is an operating system between the user and the computer. 

  

   Instructional software can be visited in the Internet or can be bought from software shops or dealers.The teacher through his school should decide on the best computer-based instructional (CBI) materials for the school resource collection. But beware since CBIs need much improvement, while web-based educational resources are either extremely good or what is complete garbage.

Instructional Software

Lesson 13: Cooperative Learning with the Computer

   

         Cooperative or Collaboration learning is learning by small groups of students who work together in a common learning task. It is often called group learning but to be truly cooperative learning. 

                            5 Elements are needed: 

                                     Common  goal

                                       Interdependence 

                                             Interaction 

                               Individual accountability 

                                           Social skills

         From several studies made on cooperative learning, it is manifested that cooperative learning in its true sense is advantageous since it:

* Encourage active learning, while motivating students.

*  Increase academic performances.

*  Promotes literacy and language skills.

*  Improves teacher effectiveness. 

          In addition,  there are studies which show that cooperative learning enhances personal and social development among students of all ages, while enhancing self-esteem and improving social relationship between racially and culturally different students. 

                               Cooperative Learning 

                          and the Computer 

            
              Researchers have made studies on the learning interaction between students and the computer . The studies have great value since it has been a long standing fear that the computer may foster students learning in isolation that hinders the development of student's social now this mythical fear has been contradicted by studies which show with the computer in group, they cluster and interact with each other for advice and mutual help. 

            And given the option to work individually or in a group, the student's generally wish to work together in computer-based and non-computer-based activities.Reflecting on this phenomenon, psychologists think the computer fosters this positive social behavior due to the fact that it has a display monitor-just like a television set-that is looked upon something in communal.

         Therefore researchers agree that the computer is a fairly natural learning vehicle for cooperative ( at times called primitive ) learning. 

            Educators are still wary about the computer's role in cooperative learning.  Thus they pose the position that the use of computers do not automatically result in cooperative learning. Therefore assign the teacher several tasks in order to ensure collaborative learning. These are:

* Assigning students to mixed-ability. 

* Establishing positive interdependence.

* Teaching cooperative social skills.

* Helping groups process information. 

Lesson 12: Information Technology in Support of Student-Centered Learning Classroom

                                 Traditional Classroom

              Traditional Classroom is where the teacher is the center of the classroom. They are ones who have the authority to fill their pupils knowledge.  The students are just listener and all they have to do is to pay attention to what their teacher have always saying. 

 

                     Student-Centered Learning (SCL)

              The SCL is the opposite of the traditional classroom,  in this learning process the students are working in the classroom they have the authority to do what they want, and the teacher serves only ad a facilitator . The teacher let her student to discover things through interdependence or even through themselves individually. 

                 In our modern world and with this type of learning process the ICT have a big factor in developing  one's skill and creativity in the way of what they want. 

Generally the new school classroom environment is characterized by student individually or in a group:

- Performing computer world processing for text or graph presentation. 

-Searching for information on the internet 

-Brainstorming on ideas, problems and project plans 

-As needed, the teacher facilitating instruction,  also giving individual instruction to serve individual needs. 

           But even through SCL is much indeed, most of the teachers used a collaboration of traditional way of learning and the SCL, and so by this the teaching and learning process have much greater success.

Lesson 11: The Computer as the Teacher's Tool

             We will study here not just about what a computer is, we will know here what could be the capabilities of the computer in terms of using it as a tool in learning.

                     Constructivist was introduced by Piaget (1981) and Bruner (1990).  They gave stress to knowledge discovery of new meaning/concepts/principles in the learning process. Various strategies have been suggested to foster knowledge discovery, among these, is making students engaged in gathering unorganized information from which they can include ideas and principles. Students also apply discovered knowledge applicable to real life situation.

                      While knowledge is constructed by the individual learner in constructivism, knowledge can also be socially constructed. Social constructivism this is an effort to show that the construction of knowledge is governed by social, historical and cultural contexts . In effect, this is to that the learner who interpret knowledge has a predetermined point of view according to the social perspectives of the community or society he lives in. 

Learning Framework	Constructivism	Social Constructivism
Assumption	Knowledge is constructed by the individual.	Knowledge is constructed within a social context.
Definition of Learning	Students build their own learning.	Students build knowledge influenced by the social context.
Learning Strategies	Gather unorganized information to create new concept/principle	Exchange and share from ideas, stimulates thinking.
General Orientation	Personal discovery of knowledge.	Students discuss and discover meanings
Example	8*5-8+8+8+8+8	Two alternative job offers option 1-8 hrs/day for 6 days/week Option 2-9 hrs/day for 5 days/week

                         The Computer's Capabilities

                    Given its present-day speed, flexibility and sophistication,  the computer can provide access to information, foster creative social knowledge building, and enhance the communication of the achieved project package.  Without the computer, today's leanings may still be assuming the tedious task of low-level information gathering, building and new knew knowledge packaging. But this is not so, since the modern computer can help teacher-and-students to focus on more high level cognitive tasks. Based on the two learning theories,  the teacher can employ the computer as a/an:

   * A communication tool

   * A constructive  tool

   * As co-constructive tool

   *  A simulation tool

                                                                        Informative Tool

              The computer can provide vast amounts of information in various forms, such as text, graphics, sound and video. Even multimedia encyclopedias are today available on the internet.  The internet itself provides and enormous database from which user can access global information resources that includes the latest news, weather forecast,  airline schedule, sports development,  entertainment news and features, as well as educational information directly useful to learners. The internet on educational can be sourced for kinds of educational resources on the internet.  

 Constructive Tool

             The computer itself can be used for manipulating information, visualizing one's understanding and building new knowledge. The Microsoft Word computer program itself is a desktop publishing software that allows uses to organize and present their ideas in attractive formats.

   Co-constructive Tool

        Students can use constructive tools to work cooperatively and construct a shared understanding of new knowledge.  On ways of co-constructive is the use of the electronic whiteboard where students may post notices to a shared document/whiteboard. Students may also co-edit the same document from their homes.  

       Situating Tool

             By means of virtual reality (RS) extension systems, the computer can create 3-D images in display to give the user the feeling that are situated in a virtual environment  . A flight simulation program is an example of situating tool. 

Lesson 10: The Computer as a Tutor

    
      The computer is one of the wonders of human ingenuity, even in its original design in the 1950's to carry out complicated mathematical logical operations. With the invention of the microcomputer (now commonly referred to PCs or Personal Computer),  the PC has become the tool for programmed instruction.

      Educators saw much use of the PC. It has become affordable to small business, industries and homes. They saw its potential for individualization in learning, especially as individualized learning is a problem since teachers usually with a class of forty or more learners. They therefore devised strategies to use the computer to the break the barriers to individualized instruction.

                  COMPUTER-ASSISTED                 INSTRUCTION

      The computer can be a tutor in effect relieving the teacher of many activities in his personal role as classroom tutor. It should be made clear, however, that the computer cannot totally replace the teacher shall continue to play the major roles of information deliverer and learning environment controller. Even with the available computer and CAI software, the teacher must:

• Insure the students have the needed knowledge and skills for any computer activity. 
• Decide the appropriate learning objective.
• Plan the sequential and structured activities to achieve objectives.
• Evaluate the student's achievement by ways of test the specific expected outcomes

   

On the other hand, the student in CAI play their own roles as learners as they:

• Receive information 
• Understand instruction for the computer activity
• Retain/keep in mind the information and rules for the computer activity
• Apply the knowledge and rules during the process of computer learning

   






During the computer activity proper in CAI the computer too plays its roles as it:

• Act as a sort of tutor ( the role traditional played by the teacher).
• Provides a learning environment 
• Delivers learning instruction 
• Reinforces learning through drill and practice
• Provides feedback

CAI Integrated with Lesson

      CAI computer learning should not stop with the drill and practice activities of students in effect, CAI work best in reinforcing trough repetitive exercise such that student can practice basic skills or knowledge in various subject areas. Common types of drill and practice programs include vocabulary building, math facts, and basic science, and history or geography facts. 

                               SIMULATION PROGRAM

     Simulation software materials are another kind of software that is constructivist in nature.
This simulation software:

• Teacher strategies and rules applied to real-life problems/simulations.
• Asks students to make decision on models or scenarios.
• Allows students to manipulate elements of a model and gets the exercise of the effects of the effects of their decisions.

      An example of such software is SimCity in which students are allowed to artificially manage a city environment.

     Decision-making involve such factors as budget, crime, education, transportation, energy resources, waste disposal,business/  industry.


                              INSTRUCTIONAL GAMES

   While relation to low-level learning objectives (e.g. basic spelling or math skills), instructional computer games add the elements of competition and challenge.

  An example is GeoSafari which introduce adventure activities for Geography History and Science. The programs can be played up to four players to form teams.

                 PROBLEM SOLVING                 SOFTWARE

    These are more sophisticated than the drill and practice exercises and allow students to learn and improve on their problem solving ability. Since problem cannot be solved simply by memorizing facts, the students have to employ higher thinking skills such as logic, recognition, reflection, and strategy-making.

      The Thinking Things 1 is an example of a problem solving software in which the team learners must help each other by observing comparing.

                 MULTIMEDIA ENCYCLOPEDIA                  AND  ELECTRONIC BOOKS 

      The multimedia Encyclopedia can store a huge database with texts, images, animation, audio and video. Students can access any desired information, search its vast contents, and even download/print relevant portions of the data for their composition or presentation.
An example is the Eyewitness Children's Encyclopedia.

 Electronic Books provide textual information for reading, supplemented by other types of multimedia information (sounds, spoken words, pictures, animation). These are useful for learning reading, spelling and word skills. 

Lesson 9: Computer as Information and Communication Technology

Introduction 

    Three revolutions in education  

1) Invention of the printing press 

2) The introduction of libraries 

3) The invention of the computer 

  Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) was introduced using the principle of individualized learning through a positive climate that includes realism and appeal with drill exercise that uses color, music and animation. But the evolving pace of innovation in today's information Age is so dynamic that within the first decade of the 21st century, computer technology in education has matured to transform into an educative Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education.

THE PC Communication media             Audiovisual media     (Internet)                                                                  (Multimedia)    Email (text and video)                                              Text, sound, graphics    Chat rooms                                                                  chart, photos    Blog sites                                                                  Power-point presentation    News services (print, video clip)                              CD, VCD, DVD player    Music/movie/television room                                   CDVCD, DVD player                                                                                       Educational software                                                                                          (Internet)                                                                                       Educational websites                                                                                      Software’s , courseware’s                                                                                       School registration/ records                                                                                      Accounting

The Rise of Personal Computer (PC) with a computer in the classroom 

The teacher must: 

1) Demonstrate new lesson, present new material  

2) Illustrate how to use new programs 

3) Show new websites
 

           

The Personal Computer as ICT      

    Until the nineties, it was still possible to distinguish between instructional media and the educational communication media. Instructional media consist of audio-visual aids that served to learning process.Examples are the blackboard, photo, film and video. 

    On the other hand, educational communication media comprise the media of communication to audiences including learners using the print, film, radio, television, or satellite means of communication. For example, distance learning were implemented using correspondence , radio, television, or the computer satellite system.   

   Close to the turn of the 21st century, however, such a distinction merged owning to the advert of the microprocessor, also known as the personal computer .

   This is due to the fact that the PC user at home, office and school has before him a tool for both audio-visual creations and media communication. 

Programs (capabilities) normally installed in an ordinary modern PC: 

• Microsoft Office- program for composing text, graphics, photos into letters, articles, report.

• Power Point- for preparing lecture presentations.

• Excel- for spreadsheets and similar graphic sheets.

• Internet Explorer- access to the internet 

• Yahoo or Google- websites; e-mail,chat rooms, blog sites, news service.

• Adobe Reader- graphs /photos composition editing.

• MSN- mail/chat messaging

• Windows Media Player- CD, VCD player.

• Cyberlink Power- DVD player 

• Gatehouse- video games